Attitude Theories – Essay

Attitude Theories Attitudes are our positive and negative evaluation of a situation or object. Attitudes can be divided into three distinct components the cognitive, affective and the behavioral. They may take the form of the implicit attitude, explicit attitude and the dual attitude. The components of attitudes are the cognitive which helps people structure the world to make sense to them, the affective which helps people cope with emotional conflicts and the behavior helps people achieve rewards and gain approval from others. One way that attitudes can be formed is through the classical conditioning theory. Classical conditioning is â€Å"learning through association when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an emotional response† (Franzoi 2010,p. 157). Classical Conditioning is the affective component of attitudes. An example of classical conditioning would be â€Å"the soft click of the switch that turns on a noisy bathroom fan would have little effect on your behavior. After the click a conditioned has been paired with a loud noise an unconditioned on several occasions you might begin to react to the click alone conditioned response† (Bacon and Kalsher, 2008, p. 161). Another example would be the famous study the dogs salivating at the saw or smelled food but not tasted it. Then they salivated at the sight the person bringing the food. Classical conditioning can be very useful in helping in the learning in shaping attitudes to protect us from overcoming certain fears in life and also help acquire aversion to certain foods. Classical conditioning is a gradual process. Using this conditioning can help shape, form different attitudes in many of life situations. Classical conditioning of attitudes occurs below the level of conscious awareness. The other very influential way to shape attitude is the Operant conditioning form of learning. Through the behavioral component (Franzoi, 2010, p. 158). The Operant conditioning is a type of learning attitudes in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement maintain, changed and weaken if ollowed by punishment through consequences. Operant conditioning occurs when some action towards an object is rewarded or reinforced. Doing this enough times, the subject will do probably repeat it in the future. Also if behavior is not rewarded or is punished then future actions are less likely to occur. An example of a positive operant conditioning would be related to basic biological needs. Positive reinforcement include food when you are angry and conditioned rein forces include money, status, trophies and praises from others. When we hear† you must clean your room before you watch TV† (Bacon and Kalsher, 2008, p. 172). This can shape a person’s attitude. A negative example of this â€Å"stimuli, other subway riders are moving away to escape the stench of a person’s cologne† (Bacon and Kalsher, 2008, p. 173). When people ride in the future they will remember that person and avoid them. This would definitely shape one’s attitude towards this person. Doing well will help shape attitude about eating habits. Since, they did not have a good experience with bad situations that will also shape attitudes. We can use the operant conditioning in teaching techniques such as learning computers, aggressive driving, traffic safety and all goal oriented tasks. In conclusion we have discussed how attitudes can take form. They shape through the implicit attitude form which is activated automatically from our memory or through the explicit attitude which is consciously held. These attitudes are seen in classical, operant conditioning. References Bacon, R. and Kalsher, M, (2008). Psychology: From Science to Practice 2nd Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Franoi, S. (2010). Social Psychology 5th Ed.

Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay

This assignment will discourse chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) , its development and the therapies to handle this disease. Chronic kidney disease is going a planetary public wellness job nevertheless, converting grounds is now able to observe chronic kidney disease by utilizing simple research lab testing and that intervention can forestall or detain complications. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) In order for this to be achieved it must be adopted as a end worldwide in understanding the relationship between chronic kidney disease and other chronic diseases, it is besides of import to develop a public wellness policy to better results in the hereafter. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) chronic diseases are now the taking cause of decease worldwide. There were 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, and 35 were attributed to chronic diseases. There are presently legion footings u sed interchangeably with chronic kidney disease: chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) and end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) are the most common. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Levey et Al 2007 â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an single suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five phases of increasing badness. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Mild kidney disease is frequently called inadequacy. With loss of kidney map there is an accretion of H2O, waste and toxic substances in the organic structure that are usually excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney map besides causes other jobs such as anaemia, high blood force per unit area, acidosis ( inordinate sourness of organic structure fluids ) , upsets of cholesterin and fatty acids and bone disease. Stage five chronic kidney diseases is besides referred to as kidney failure, terminal phase kidney disease, or stop phase nephritic disease wherein there is entire or close entire loss of kidney map. There is unsafe accretion of H2O , waste and toxic substances and most persons in this phase of kidney disease need dialysis or organ transplant to remain alive ( emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The clinical linguistic communication of ( CKD ) is riddled with impreciseness. Inconsistent usage of ( CKD ) nomenclature is confounding for both practicians and patients. Presently legion footings are used interchangeably with ( CKD ) : chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) , progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) , and terminal phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) , are among the most common. The word kidney is of Middle English beginning and is easy understood by patients, their households, suppliers, wellness attention professional and the laic populace of native English talkers. On the other manus nephritic and nephrology derived from Latin and Greek roots, severally, normally require reading and account. The word chronic is an adjectival defined as persisting for a long clip normally associated with an unwellness or a personal or societal job. A chronic unwellness is defined as being relentless long standing and incurable. In medical footings chronic is besides defined as persisting for a long clip. The term imperfect is defined as traveling frontward as with a progressive gesture, continuing measure by measure, cumulative and of a disease increasing in badness or extent ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The term disease is an unhealthy status of the organic structure or head, a peculiar sort of disease with particular symptoms or location. Similarly the term diseased refers to being affected with disease unnatural, or disordered. The synonym finder defines disease as a noun denoting a sort or case of damage of a life being that interferes with normal bodily map ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . â€Å" Chronic kidney disease is progressively recognized as a planetary public wellness job. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Translating these progresss to simple and applicable public wellness steps must be adopted as a end worldwide. Understanding the relationship between ( CKD ) and other chronic disease is of import to developin g a public wellness policy to better results. Chronic disease is now the taking cause of decease worldwide. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) estimates that there were about 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, with 35 million attributed to chronic disease. While ( CKD ) is non mentioned in the two 1000 and five study it is now recognized that ( CKD ) is common in people with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) hazard factors and that ( CKD ) multiples the hazard for inauspicious results in these conditions ( Levey, A, S, et al 2007 ) . ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" There are two types of nephritic replacing therapies for patients. Most patients are campaigners for both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood before the blood is returned to the organic structure. Peritoneal dialysis filters, cleans blood and removes extra fluid. Peritoneal offers more freedom for persons compared to hemodialysis since patients do non necessitate to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. Persons /patients need to be educated on chronic kidney disease so that they are able to better pull off their attention and intervention and every bit good as taking the appropriate therapy in respects to their attention ( Emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † â€Å" The demand to educate patients in order to enable them to take part in doing appropriate picks for all curative options in terminal phase nephritic disease would look obvious yet there are many barriers to supplying such information. Adequate chronic kidney disease instruction can detain the oncoming of dialysis, increase patient pick of less dearly-won homed-based therapies and better results of patient after the start of dialysis ( Finkelstein, F O, et Al, 2008 ) . † â€Å" The chief causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood force per unit area. Type one and type two diabetes mellitus causes a status called diabetic kidney disease which is the taking cause of kidney disease in the United States. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) if non controlled can damage the kidneys over clip. There are legion other causes but theses are most common. There is no remedy for chronic kidney disease the four ends of therapy are: decelerate the patterned advance of disease, dainty implicit in causes and lending factors, dainty complications of disease and replace lost kidney map. Schemes for decelerating patterned advance and handling conditions underlying chronic kidney disease include the undermentioned: control of blood glucose, control of high blood force per unit area and diet. Complications that may necessitate medical intervention are unstable keeping, anaemia, bone disease, and acidosis ( emedicinehealth 2010 ) . â⠂¬  In decision chronic kidney disease is a serious public wellness concern which is now recognized worldwide. The two chief causes of chronic kidney disease are type one and type two diabetes and the other being high blood force per unit area. Educating patients on chronic kidney disease enables them to be able to do picks in respects to their intervention and attention. Patients that are now educated on chronic kidney disease can now take the appropriate therapy, whether it be hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, most of the clip peritoneal dialysis offer more freedom for patients whereas haemodialysis requires the patient to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. The control of blood glucose, high blood force per unit area and diet are really of import in keeping the patterned advance of chronic kidney disease. Public steps must be adopted worldwide if there are to be better wellness policies to better results in the hereafter. â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an sin gle suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Harmonizing to The World Health Organization ( WHO ) 35 million deceases were attributed to chronic diseases, while it was non mentioned in the study chronic kidney disease is common in people with cardiovascular disease. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Once once more patients need to be able to understand what complications intervention and therapies are available when covering with chronic kidney disease, holding this type of cognition dosage non bring around the patient but it slows down the patterned advance of this disease.

How to Write the Common App Essays 2016-2017

With the Common Application for the 2016-2017 live as of August, ’s essay team is sharing  the following tips on how to write the all-important Common App essays for the upcoming application cycle. Before discussing the specific prompts for the Common Application, it’s important to note that there are some general principles for approaching the Common App essay. First and foremost, the essay is about telling colleges why you are unique and/or what matters to you. It is absolutely critical that you nail the essay because the majority of your schools will see this essay. Y ou’ll want to paint a portrait of yourself that is relatively accessible and has widespread appeal to many colleges (for example, if you are only applying to engineering programs at some of your schools, don’t focus your Common App on STEM at the expense of your other applications. Save that for your supplemental essays). You have several avenues through which you can tell colleges what matters to you, including but not limited to highlighting a central theme of your application that is tied to one or several of your extracurricular activities, focusing on a specific personality trait or strength, or highlighting a particular challenge that you had to overcome. That being said, there are distinct topics and strategies that each prompt lends itself to especially well. Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it.  If this sounds like you, then please share your story. This prompt offers an excellent opportunity to engage with a particular extracurricular or academic area of passion, and it allows you to weave a narrative that displays personal growth in that subject or area. Particularly if you have an unconventional passion, such as blogging about Chinese basketball, or urban exploration, the combination of displaying your personality and the unique topic can be very eye-catching. This prompt also represents an opportunity to consider questions of personal identity, whether that takes the form of racial identity, sexual orientation, gender, or simply one’s place within a specific community (even communities as unique as, say, players of World of Warcraft). With the topic of racial identity, it’s important to keep in mind the audience (college admissions counselors tend to be progressive politically), so this might not be the best place to make sweeping claims about reverse racism against Caucasian-Americans. However, careful consideration of intrinsic cultural elements (such as the effect that Chinese American culture’s prioritization of academics had on your personal development) is certainly a strong essay topic. N ote: While claiming to have experienced discrimination based on race or claiming to have a different sexual orientation or gender than heterosexual and male/female respectively can be an effective way to talk about your ability to overcome adversity, faked or exaggerated claims about said topic are often very easy to recognize and will result in a severe penalization. The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success.  Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn? This prompt lends itself to consideration of what facets of your personality allow you to overcome adversity, as well as display your self-awareness. It’s okay to choose a relatively mundane â€Å"failure† such as failing to win an award at a Model United Nations conference despite putting in hours of research into the topics of your committee (and learning that you should focus on how you project yourself and interacting more cordially, even when debating and competing against your peers). However, you should be careful not to sound over-confident (as if you are incapable of any failure larger than this). You also want to avoid making the failure sound more devastating than it actually was. Another (perhaps more powerful) tactic with this essay is to write about a more foundational failure and then assess its impact on your development thereafter. This allows you to tackle more meaty questions about ethics (perhaps you cheated on a test and felt horrible about it), morality (maybe you stole something, your parents berated you for it, and now you hate theft to such a degree that if you find money on the street, you turn it in), or the human condition (perhaps you made an insensitive comment or were close-minded in a particular instance). You want to be careful to balance the severity of the failure with its recentness; in general, choose a failure from before high school so that it doesn’t color the admissions counselor’s view of your high school career. Also, be sure that any failure you choose is within reason (so in general, avoid talking about any felonies you’ve left behind you). Exercise good judgment! Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? This prompt is a difficult one to answer because most high school students haven’t participated in the types of iconoclastic protests against societal ills that lend themselves to an excellent response. However, a more tenable alternative here is to discuss a time that you went against social convention, whether it was becoming friends with someone who seemed like a social outcast and was ignored by most people but eventually became one of your best friends, by going against the popular opinion of your peers, or proudly showing off a geeky passion of yours. And if you ever participated in a situation in concert with adults and found some success (i.e., by blogging, starting a tutoring organization, or participating in political campaigns), you could discuss your experiences as a young person without a college degree in professional and adult circles. The one thing to keep in mind when responding to this prompt is to avoid sounding morally superior (as if you are the only person who went against this social convention, or that you are better than your peers for doing so). Describe a problem you’ve solved or a problem you’d like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma — anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. This essay prompt is difficult for many students who grapple with the type of challenge that they should write about. The prompt itself provides three specific suggestions, but it should be clarified that the phrase â€Å"anything that is of personal importance† gives you a lot of freedom, allowing you to center your essay around essentially anything that can be loosely called a â€Å"problem.† Our advice is to pick a problem that deeply concerns you and make it clear to your reader why that topic matters to you at all, either through an origin story of how you became interested in the query or through an explanation of the potential consequences of the dilemma (depending on your topic). Upon reviewing all the Common App questions to decide which to write about, astute applicants might realize that Common App prompts #2, #3, and #4 are all quite similar in that they ask students to identify some sort of conflict and how it was resolved. But there are subtle differences. Whereas #2 specifically refers to a failure and #3 is asking for a situation where you were the odd one out amongst a larger group, #4 is best saved for essays where the focus is on your thought process in response to a problem you’ve encountered. Thus, when answering this prompt, it is crucial that you explain in great detail how you solved/would solve the problem. The showcasing of your unique thought processes is just as, if not more, critical than the actual problem itself. Accordingly, stream-of-consciousness can be used to great effect here. One final note: Even though the prompt allows you to explore more academic and intellectual topics, it is important not to get carried away with esoteric details. Save the intensely intricate discussion of particle physics for class — for your Common App essay, the reader should still recognize that your discussion of particle physics was really about yourself, your interests, and how you think about the world. Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. This prompt is probably the most expansive in that you can choose any event that had a major impact on your life. One option is to discuss a cultural process (such as Bar Mitzvah or Upanayanam in Judaism and Hinduism, respectively) that serves as a formal waypoint on a path to adulthood, but if you do so, make sure to discuss why the ritual made you â€Å"feel† like an adult, not just why you became one in practice. In other words, make sure that the reader comes away understanding why you are actually different in a meaningful way as a result of this event. Informal events are probably easier to use because you can show more of your own personality and what makes you tick. A good way to assess whether an informal event demarcates a transition into adulthood is if 1) it gave you a new perspective or degree of self-awareness, 2) taught you that idealism can still play an important role in achieving goals, or conversely, 3) helped show you that the world doesn’t often conform today to idealistic realities (a time when you learned realism). For example, perhaps after growing up in a multi-cultural environment, you finally witness a racist encounter in a more restricted environment. This could serve as a powerful eye-opener about the state of some parts of the world, informally achieving an implicit state of adulthood. However, your topic need not be so weighty when talking about your own growth, because when discussing personal development, almost any group can be massaged to form a â€Å"community,† which means you have a wide array of options to use as a point marking a transition to adulthood. In terms of strategy, an anecdote will be particularly effective here. With these tips, you should be well on your way to writing the perfect Common App. Best of luck from the   team! With a new year comes a new admissions cycle with its own set of unique challenges. In order to write exceptional essays that can help to secure a spot at your dream school, you should be aptly prepared. Check out the blog post How to Write the Common Application Essays 2017-2018 for the latest tips and tricks that will help you stand out in the applicant pool!

Politics Involving the Media, And Reasons the Media Is Used as a Prime Essay

Politics Involving the Media, And Reasons the Media Is Used as a Prime Outlet for Reaching the Public And How It Works - Essay Example This essay stresses that people are the most important consumers of information in the media. Therefore, they often develop content that can suit their interests and those of people that give it revenues by airing their agenda. In this case, they often do not put major emphasis on encouraging communication and other forms of information sharing. They are least concerned with strengthening public dialogue or facilitating the process of formulating common decisions. This can be achieved if the media can decide to be objective in the process of framing their news and other episodic events. in as much as the functions of the media remains to be education, the public will always remain to be perceived as passive participants and active consumers of the news and other kinds of information from the media This paper makes a conclusion that the media is an important tool by which people often get information that enhances their decision-making skills. The media plays a big role in the process of creating and sustaining the democratic process in countries. By providing this information, people can make their decisions concerning various political agenda. Politics are an important aspect of governance in the growth of the democratic processes in countries. The media has a role to play as far as creating and reporting on the issues and political agenda.

Drug Dilemmas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Dilemmas - Essay Example Unfortunately, in a free market economy such as the United States, nothing can be done about it, except by government intervention through price regulation. Considering what Marcia Angell, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, said about how pharmaceutical companies spend enormous resources in developing "me-too" drugs simply to get a share of the market of a top-selling drug, there is reason to believe that U.S. drug prices do not reflect the operation of a fair and competitive market, rather, the pharmaceutical companies have somewhat cartelized themselves resulting in a monopoly of the drug pricing. 2. Given the nature of their product, do pharmaceutical companies have ethical responsibilities that other corporations don't have In your view, are the large U.S. drug companies good corporate citizens According to the Case Resource, many drug companies enjoy larger profit margins than other U.S. corporations. At the very least, and considering the nature of their product, this writer believes that pharmaceutical companies should take on the ethical responsibility of reasonably pricing their products, at least at the level of most corporations. It would be more ethical of course, for pharmaceutical companies to reduce their profit margins in order to make their drugs more available to a greater number of people. After all, the mission and vision of most drug companies is to "lead the way to a healthier world by providing products that improve lives" (Wyeth, 2008), or "we are here for the people we serve in their pursuit of healthy lives" (Abbott, 2008). However, in terms of corporate citizenship, drug companies would be thought of as good corporate citizens especially if they pay the government the correct taxes from all the revenues and profits they make. 3. Are the large drug companies guilty of price gouging or charging an unfair or exploitative price for their products In general, what factors should determine the price of drugs Should Americans be permitted to import drugs from Canada or other countries Whether or not large drug companies are guilty of price gouging or charging an unfair or exploitative price for their products is highly debatable. On the one hand, if the drug company sets its price at a profit level well beyond regular profitability standards for U.S. corporations, then the company would be guilty of price gouging. However, to determine such profit level, various factors would need to be taken into account and some of these factors may not be existent in other corporations, such as costs of compliance with government regulations considering that such regulations may be stricter in the health industry than in other industries. In general, factors that determine the price of drugs would be production costs, distribution costs, marketing costs, administration costs and other overhead costs such as R&D. This writer believes that Americans should be permitted to import drugs from Canada or other countries for that matter. If the cost of imported drugs is less expensive than U.S.-manufactured drugs, this would be very beneficial to Americans. Moreover, it would provide a natural check and balance for the pricing practices of the U.S. drug companies. 4. Do drug companies have an obligation to make new drugs available to patients who were involved in their development, either here or overseas

Law Relating to Payment and Trade Finance Essay

Law Relating to Payment and Trade Finance - Essay Example Hitherto, investors and other traders who wanted to do cross border or international trading (import and export) had to go through stringent bureaucracies and processes that killed the enthusiasm of most of such investors and traders. Today, the situation is quite different as a lot more people are gaining the interest to go into international trading. The need to make cross border trade and commerce as flexible as possible not withstanding, there are certain basic regulations that remain unchanged and would perhaps remain unchanged for a very long time. One of such regulations is the mode of international trade financing and payment. Though the processes are not as stressful as before, international traders are still required to follow basic international trade financing systems that are governed by law. This write-up therefore seeks to examine the role of some of the most common international trade financing and payment methods in addressing the currency global credit crisis. What is international trade finance and payment? Organisation such as the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation have devised laid down procedures and structures that need to be followed whenever trade and business transactions have to take place across borders. Such trade that take place across borders are referred to as international trade whereas the funding or financing of all forms of products, good and services that are involved in such international trades are referred to as international trade finance or simply put, trade finance. According to the Business Money (2011), â€Å"Trade Finance is the science that describes the management of money, banking, credit, investments and assets for international trade transactions.† This means that the financing of trade across borders is just more than giving out monies for goods that one wants to buy. Rather it reaches an extent where the entire process is described as management. Instead of just giving out money t o pay for goods and products, one has to device means and follow processes that ensure that the money is managed by taking the payment process through a couple of processes, involving institutions such as banks and insurance. It is therefore in the right direction that the Investopedia (2009) notes that â€Å"trade finance looks at banks, credit agencies, insurers, forfaiters, and any other person or institution who enables importers and exporters to trade across borders.† Discussion on the present Global Credit Crisis Closely related to the issue of international trade finance is the availability and access to flexible credit. This is because as mentioned already, trade finance goes beyond paying money in hand to a company to including the involvement of institutions such as banks and insurances. This means that issues on credit plays an important role on the success of world trade finance. However, it is common knowledge that the world has in times past suffered and even to day suffers from credit crisis that is not limited to any one country but the world as a whole. Broadly speaking, when a particular nation suffers a breakdown with its credit system, we say credit crisis has hit that country but when the situation expands to include almost all nations of the world – especially the giants like America, China and Germany, we say that there is a global credit crisis. Greewood (2011) explains that global credit cri

A paper about change management and organizational leadership- Case Study

A paper about change management and organizational leadership- situation and how to deal with it using a style of leadership- collegue sample included - Case Study Example Good leaders are those who can dexterously handle the paradoxes associated with the organization, and steer the organization to heights unimaginable. However, many managers always attest to the fact that handling changes can sometimes be challenging. Research show that it is the methods employed in handling implementation that sometimes are not suitable for the prevailing circumstances in a particular organization, and thus the imminent failure witnessed in such situations. Consider a case in an organization, say ABC, in which the management wants to give an overhaul to the current humanistic values. As is the case with humans, change is never something that they are ready to welcome. This necessitates the need for a better approach that will not stir rebellion from the employee. Nickols (2010) for instance, presents an analysis of four strategies that are vital to managing change in any organization. He centers his argument on a number of aspects regarding the nature of change. These aspects include the extent of the change i.e. more radical and transformative changes require a strategy that is environmentally adaptive, and which might fail when dealing with a less radical change. The other aspect is the stakes that the change has, for instance, a change with high stakes requires the application of almost all the four strategies, while moderate stakes are totally against an approach such as the power-coercive strategy. The degree of resistance the cha nge is bound to encounter is another aspect, strong resistance favors the use of power-coercive and/or environmental-adaptive strategy while a weak resistance is more receptive to either or a combination of rational-empirical strategy and normative-re-educative strategy. Another aspect of great importance is the period within which execution of the change is to take place. Here, he notes that Short time changes require power-coercive strategy to execute, while long-term changes thrive well

Stress and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and Health - Essay Example This website provides basic, yet critical information on the relationship between stress and health. According to Krantz, Thorn and Kiecolt-Glasser (2013), stress refers to the â€Å"fight or flight response† when faced with a threat. This response results in increased blood pressure, elevated heart rate and energy production which could have serious health consequences irrespective of the magnitude of stress. Sudden emotional stresses could trigger arrhythmias, heart attacks or even sudden death. The longer the stress period, the worse the effects, thus the resultant irritability, lack of concentration and wearing and tearing of the body. Existing problems such as coronary diseases could worsen leading to cardiovascular risk. Having been informed of the negative health consequences of stress, the website would further educate Felina on ways to increase positive affect, including building strong relationships, resting and seeking help. This has been noted to decrease cardiovas cular risks and thus decrease the negative health effects of stress. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2013, February). Relaxation techniques for health: An introduction. Retrieved 15 January 2014 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stress/relaxation.htm From this website sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Services through the National Institutes of Health, Felina would learn of the health benefits associated with effective stress management. In this case, relaxation techniques, including mind and body practices, release tension and counteract the negative effects of stress. The techniques slow down heart rate, decrease levels of stress hormones and oxygen consumption and lower blood pressure. Analyzing past studies, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM (2013) documents that relaxation reduces surgery and abdominal pain, nausea due to chemotherapy and smoking desire, controls urinary urgency and

International Legal Transactions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Legal Transactions - Assignment Example There are two kinds of bribery, both of which are anathema to international law. Active bribery is the deliberate â€Å"promising, offering, or giving by any person, directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage to any of its public officials†¦ to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or functions, whether the undue advantage accrues to the official or to a third person†. On the other hand, passive bribery is the â€Å"request or receipt†¦or acceptance of an offer or promise of such an undue advantage by a public official (Deming 106). Definitely, international law provides the Anglian Ministry of Justice with legal bases for prosecuting LuxAuto and its officials for engaging in the active bribery of foreign public officials i.e. that of Maurya. primarily because of the leadership of the United States which in 1970 enacted RICO or the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act and then in 1977, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA). Realizing the magnitude of the pernicious effects to the economy and the morality and the morale of the citizens by the bribery of public officials and the fact that judges and public offices were already available for a price, the USA via FCPA tirelessly and actively pursued the prosecution of US companies in American courts for the bribery of public officials even if the transactions occurred in foreign shores. Soon, 34 US companies were prosecuted for involvement in foreign bribery and 7 civil actions were successfully pursued (Bannon & Collier 305). Because the playing field was disadvantageous to US multinational companies which allegedly lost out against foreign MNCs, US lobbied hard to make an international law that was similar to FCPA but globally encompassing and enforceable with the International Court of Justice. The solution proved to be the convening of 29 members and 5 non-members of the OECD or Organization

Domain Name Disputes and Arbitration Essay Example for Free

Domain Name Disputes and Arbitration Essay The sudden explosion over the use of the internet in today’s world has placed domain names in direct conflict with trademarks. The use of a domain name would apply throughout the world, as the internet is accessible throughout the world. On the other hand, the trademark laws of a particular nation would vary with that of another, and hence, there is always a chance that trademark laws and domain name laws are in direct conflict with one another. Domain names would apply to the product and services of a service provider and hence ought to be given the same protection as trademarks . On the other hand, registries that register domain names give the importance of registering on a first-come-first served basis. Oppositions would say domain names contains alphabets and numerals, and hence, qualify to become a trademark. However, no rule is hard and fast. Domain name owners feel that the domain names are not protected under trademark laws as the internet is a global media having no offline limitation. On the other hand, the trademark owners feel that domain names are trademarks and hence are liable to file for dilution, unfair competition, etc . One of the main reasons as to why there is intense disputes with regards to domain names, is due cyber-squatting, in which somebody would register a particular domain name, and later try to sell it to the trademark owner. Domain name registries are accepting registration of domain names on a first-come first-served basis, and hence any person can register a popular trademark as a domain name and later plan to sell to the trademark owner. Often the prices quoted by the cyber-squatters are much more than what is paid of registration. Besides, cyber-squatters can misuse the trademark of the owner, and in turn wrongfully attract customers or tarnish the name of the original trademark owner . In the year 1995, the NSI framed a policy to settle disputes between domain name holders and trademark holders. The NSI is left out of the conflict and does not have the right to suspend the services of the domain name holder. Slowly, the importance of the trademark owners began to be felt. Trademarks owners can extent their services on to the internet, considering that it would be an ideal environment for business purposes. Customers on the other hand may also consider domain names being similar to trademarks for search purposes . One of the means of solving domain name disputes is by adopting the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy implemented by the ICANN in 1999. This is mainly to solve the disputes that arise between domain name owners and trademark owners. The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre would conduct the UDRP procedures. The process is much faster than the courts, and besides the decisions given is credible and impartial. The fees that are imposed are less than the routine courts . ICANN and UDRP The ICANN UDRP has been implemented for several TLD’s including . net, . com, . org, etc. However, it is not applicable to the country level TLD’s, such as . uk, . in, etc. The dispute resolution policy would occur between the domain name holder and the registering authority, such as country-coded domain registering organisation. The UDRP would set the terms and conditions that would arise in case of conflict arise between the domain name holder and any other party, except the registrar (ICANN). According to the ICANN, certain terms and conditions need to be followed when registering for a domain name. The registrant should ensure that all statements made are true, complete, and the domain name would not violate the rights of others. The domain name so registered would not be done for an illegal cause and would not be used to overcome any law. Any action done for the domain name would be lead to the owner being held responsible. The ICANN can transfer, modify or cancel a domain name registered if the domain name registrant requires so, if the court having a jurisdiction requires that the domain name be changed or cancelled or if a relevant administrative body requires that the domain name be changed or expelled. Depending on the situations, the ICANN would make a request to the domain name holder to perform such changes. The URDP procedure would be conducted before an administrative tribunal. Usually such tribunals would come into action whenever a third party has an issue with a particular domain name and files an application for objection before the ICANN.

Big Five Model of Leadership

Big Five Model of Leadership YONGKUN LI Â   Based on the results of your personality test, what do extant research say your leadership may or may not be like? Do you agree or disagree with the research findings? Identify some ways which you may be able to better develop your leadership potential. Is the leader born or made? For years, people was arguing about this question. With the development of the society, every organization or companies demand different skills and personal qualities in its leadership. Some researchers who advocate that personality traits are related to leadership emergence or effectiveness. In this essay, I will discuss the relationship between personality and leadership. There are different definitions of leadership have been presented over the years (Bass, 1998). Most definitions include one or more of the elements of goal achievement, teamwork or organization, and interpersonal reactions. According to Hogg, M (2001), leadership is a group process generated by social categorization and depersonalization processes associated with the social identity. In another word, leadership is kind of an ability to get other people to do what you want them to, willingly (Sendjaya, S., SpringerLink, 2015). However, leadership is kind of personal traits. According to Mayer, personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving (2015). Based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), everyone has a natural leadership style that related to their personality types. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important the trait. When executives position changing into new roles or environments, it may need to explore or rein in different facets of their personality. The famous theory study about personality is Big Five model, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Neuroticism Neuroticism reflects the individual emotional adjustment process. High neuroticism individuals tend to have psychological stress, unrealistic thoughts, excessive demands and violence impulses. And it is more likely to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, depression and so on. On the contrary, people with low neuroticism scores are less troubled, less emotional, and more stable. Openness Openness means that generous heart, bold, adventurous, and dislike familiar things or routine. It is described as a persons cognitive style. It has different aspects of openness. The openness of experience is defined as seeking and understanding of experience proactively. It compares curious, novel, non-traditional, and creative individuals with those that are traditional, non-artistic, and non-analytical. Openness people prefer abstract thinking, a wide range of interests. Closed people are practical, preferring, more traditional and conservative. Leaders with this tendency should be working more on openness and push themselves out of their comfort zone. Extroversion Extroversion can be advantageous in leadership. It represents the number and density of interpersonal interactions, the need for excitement, and the ability to be pleasant. This trait contrasts cross social, active, individual-oriented and silent, serious, shy, and quiet among people. It aspect can be measured by two qualities: interpersonal and vitality. The former assesses the degree to which individuals like others, while the latter reflects individual rhythms and vitality levels. Outgoing people like to contact with others, full of vitality, often feel positive emotions. They are passionate, like sports, like to stimulate adventure. In a group, they are very talkative, confident, would be attracted by the attention of others. On the other hand, introverted people are relatively quiet, cautious, do not like too much contact with the outside world. Agreeableness Extroversion is to assess the degree of individual likes with others, while the agreeableness examines the attitudes to others. It including, on the one hand, close, compassionate, trustworthy, lenient and soft-hearted. On the other hand, it including hostile, cynical, manipulative, vengeful and ruthless. Those who are agreeableness are satisfied, friendly, generous, helpful and willing to give up their interests for others. For some positions, too high agreeableness is not necessary, especially tough and objective judgments, such as scientists, critics, and soldiers. Conscientiousness Conscientiousness refers to our control, manage and regulate our own impulsive way of assessing an individual goal-oriented behavior on the organization, persistence, and motivation. It compares the trustworthy, exquisite individual and the lazy, sloppy among individuals. One risk for highly conscientious is that their perfectionism can cause them to lose sight of the big picture. On the other hand, individuals who tend to be more responsibility and flexible would make right decisions, which can get them earn more trust. References: Bass, B. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hogg, M. (2001). A Social Identity Theory of Leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(3), 184-200. Mayer, J. (2015). The personality systems framework: Current theory and development. Journal of Research in Personality,56, 4. Sendjaya, S., SpringerLink. (2015). Personal and organizational excellence through servant leadership: Learning to serve, serving to lead, leading to transform (Management for professionals).

Ideology of Fundamentalist Islam Explained Essay -- Muslim Religion, S

Introduction: This essay concerns itself with exploring the Islamic and political orientation of Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), an Egyptian civil servant turned political and religious activist, inspired by fundamentalist Islam. To gain an understanding of what influenced and formulated Qutb’s ideas it has been necessary to provide some background information relating the history of modern day Egypt and the emergence of reformist and fundamentalist Islam, from the 19th century until Qutb’s time. The essay also seeks to give some biographical information in order to provide a fuller picture of Qutb the man. Qutb’s involvement with Egyptian religious politics caused him to come into conflict with the Nasser government of 1950s’ Egypt and Qutb spent a decade in prison. It was during this period he produced many of his seminal writings on the establishment of a truly Islamic society. By drawing on early Islamic thinkers and on direct interpretation of the Qur’an, Qutb advocated violence in establishing an Islamic state. The thinking behind and the implications of these interpretations are discussed at length in this essay to demonstrate how they have informed the belief of many Islamic fundamentalists, especially with regard to the use of violence to achieve their aims. The latter part of the essay focuses on the legacy of Qutb’s ideas and how these have been manifest in various fundamentalist groups. However, because academic literature is often a few paces behind the present it has not been possible to explore some recent developmenst of Islam inspired violenc e in any detail, namely the emergence of fundamentalist groups within the Muslim diaspora of the West. The rise of fundamentalist Islam, especia... ...racuse N.Y.: Syracuse University Press Hourani, A. (1983) Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Juergensmeyer, M. (2003) Terror in the Mind of God (3rd Edition). Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press Lawrence, B.B. (1998) Shattering the Myth: Islam Beyond Violence. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press Moussalli, A.S. (1998) Islamic Fundamentalism: Myths and Realities. Reading : Garnet/Ithaca Press Rabasa, A. et el (2006) The Muslim World After 9/11. Santa Monica, Calif. : Rand Corporation Roy, O. (2004) Globalised Islam. London: C. Hurst & Co Ruthven, M. (2004) Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press Turner, B.S. & Ahmed, A. (2003) Islam: critical concepts in sociology. London: Routledge Weber, M. (1963) The Sociology of Religion . Boston: Beacon Press

Origins of the Biblical Flood of Genesis and the Flood of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flood stories have been a common thread in many religions across the globe. One of the stories we are most familiar with in our culture, the story of Noah’s Ark, is a well-known segment of the old testament, and an interesting story of how God punished the world for how corrupt it had become. God accomplished this by flooding the world, and annihilating all the creatures upon it, save for Noah and his family and a pair of each type of creature on the earth . This story, however, has roots deep in the past, some of which have only come to light with the development of new archeological techniques and technology. As more and more is found out about the era from when this story originates, discoveries are made as to the origin of the story, what tale it was based upon, and as to the authenticity that such an event may have actually even occurred, if on a somewhat smaller scale. Based on the information available at the present time, one can make fairly confid ent inferences as to the root of this story. One could argue that the story of Noah’s Ark was based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, and that in turn was based on older stories that were based on a real flood of the Black Sea. The story of Noah’s Ark was first written as part of the old testament by the Jewish people. However, it is predated by far by the story of the Epic of Gilgamesh, a story that originated in the same area that holds many striking similarities to the tale of Noah’s Ark. Though the story was modified to accommodate new characters, many properties of the story are similar, from small details like the creatures used as scouts to the religious purpose of the flood itself. For example, both the flood stories start with the characters receiving specific building instructions for a ship, which is to be used to spare the lives of one set of pairs of the creatures of the world. The dimensions of the ship underwent some drastic changes however, quite possibly because the dimensions of Gilgamesh’s boat were rather unreasonable: â€Å"Equal shall be her width and her length†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Both Gilgamesh and Noah received 7 days notice, and after the flood ceased, both employ ed doves and ravens as scouts to determine if the land was dry yet (Gilgamesh also employed a swallow, but the results of its trip did not greatly differ from the first trip of the dove in Noah’s tale ). Origins of the Biblical Flood of Genesis and the Flood of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flood stories have been a common thread in many religions across the globe. One of the stories we are most familiar with in our culture, the story of Noah’s Ark, is a well-known segment of the old testament, and an interesting story of how God punished the world for how corrupt it had become. God accomplished this by flooding the world, and annihilating all the creatures upon it, save for Noah and his family and a pair of each type of creature on the earth . This story, however, has roots deep in the past, some of which have only come to light with the development of new archeological techniques and technology. As more and more is found out about the era from when this story originates, discoveries are made as to the origin of the story, what tale it was based upon, and as to the authenticity that such an event may have actually even occurred, if on a somewhat smaller scale. Based on the information available at the present time, one can make fairly confid ent inferences as to the root of this story. One could argue that the story of Noah’s Ark was based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, and that in turn was based on older stories that were based on a real flood of the Black Sea. The story of Noah’s Ark was first written as part of the old testament by the Jewish people. However, it is predated by far by the story of the Epic of Gilgamesh, a story that originated in the same area that holds many striking similarities to the tale of Noah’s Ark. Though the story was modified to accommodate new characters, many properties of the story are similar, from small details like the creatures used as scouts to the religious purpose of the flood itself. For example, both the flood stories start with the characters receiving specific building instructions for a ship, which is to be used to spare the lives of one set of pairs of the creatures of the world. The dimensions of the ship underwent some drastic changes however, quite possibly because the dimensions of Gilgamesh’s boat were rather unreasonable: â€Å"Equal shall be her width and her length†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Both Gilgamesh and Noah received 7 days notice, and after the flood ceased, both employ ed doves and ravens as scouts to determine if the land was dry yet (Gilgamesh also employed a swallow, but the results of its trip did not greatly differ from the first trip of the dove in Noah’s tale ).

Challenge of Defining a Single Muliticultural Education Essay -- essay

The Challenge of Defining a Single â€Å"Multicultural Education†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As stated in the first paragraph of this article, â€Å"Multicultural education has been transformed, refocused, reconceptualized, and in a constant state of evolution both in theory and in practice.† Multicultural education is always changing. Culture is something that changes on a day-to-day basis. The way our society changes is no one’s hands, but our own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multicultural education can be something that is as simple as a change in the curriculum adding new and diverse materials (2nd paragraph). As the world changes our ability to learn should grow. New things happen every day and the only way we can grow from these things is to open our eyes and realize what is going on. Society tackles many different things each day and we never know what’s going to happen until after it does. Entering new things into the curriculum based on current issues is a positive thing in my eyes. Adding to and enhancing the curriculum adds more knowledge to our multicultural views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the third paragraph of this article it states that, â€Å"Every student must have an equal opportunity to achieve to her or his full potential.† I agree with this statement fully. If a student is given the opportunity to put his or her all into their work then their work is at its potential. Many teachers prohibit this from happening by picking favorites and underestimating ...

Historical Institutionalism Essay

Question 3: How does historical institutionalism envision political change? How does it envision the impact of organizations? Thelen and Steinmo share the common view among institutionalist scholars that historical institutionalism (HI) remains â€Å"sticky† when envisioning political change, even when political or economic conditions have changed dramatically (1992:18). Political change, then, according to Thelen, is centered on the concept of path dependency, or a framework of slow change dependent on the legacy of rules formed and tested throughout history. In order to understand how particular kinds of external events and processes are likely to produce political openings that drive path-dependent institutional evolution and change, Thelen prioritizes an analysis of critical junctures and feedback effects as two key reproduction mechanisms that engender foundations of institutional arrangements and political stability (1999:388-396). Critical junctures demonstrate that â€Å"[c]ausal analysis is inherently sequence analysis† (Rueschemeyer et al 1992:4; Thelen 1999:390) in that sequencing and timing of political and economic development in historical context can influence institutional outcomes. Feedback effects are based on the idea that institutions are not neutral coordinating mechanisms but instead reflect, reproduce, and magnify particular patterns of power distribution in politics. Thus, political arrangements and policy feedbacks actively facilitate the organization and empowerment of certain groups while actively disarticulating and marginalizing others, creating distributional biases in particular institutions that â€Å"feed back† so that â€Å"over time, some avenues of policy become increasingly blocked, if not entirely cut off† as â€Å"decisions at one point in time can restrict future possibilities by sending policy off onto particular tracks† (Weir 1992:18-19; Thelen 1999:394). Thelen discusses four scenarios in which HI envisions political change, with the first three describing change as exogenous, characterized by Krasner’s framework of â€Å"punctuated equilibrium† in which institutions exhibit long periods of stability, periodically â€Å"punctuated† by crises that bring about abrupt institutional change, after which institutional stasis sets in (Thelen 1999:15). Broad socioeconomic changes causing previously latent nstitutions to become salient toward political outcomes, changes in the socioeconomic context or political balance of power producing a situation in which new actors pursue new goals within old institutions for different ends, and changes in outcomes as old actors adopt new goals within old institutions are the three exogenous scenarios of political change. The fourth scenario of political change is endogenous in that political actors adjust their strategies to accommodate changes within the institutions themselves (my emphasis Thelen 1999:17). In this scenario, Thelen advances the â€Å"dynamic constraints† framework for explaining change in that change can be a piecemeal process resulting from the long-term maneuvering of political actors within institutional constraints. HI envisions the impact of organizations by examining how an institution shapes individual preferences within the organization not only by shaping strategies but also the goals that the actors pursue. Because the individual is not completely de-linked from the institution, stasis and ultimately continuity is achieved. Question 8: How is the chapter by Ken Greene an example of historical institutionalism? What light does it shed on the process of democratization in Mexico? To what extent is his analysis specific to Mexico and to what extent (and how) can it travel to other cases? Ken Greene’s chapter is an example of historical institutionalism because it stresses the importance of legacy in political outcomes. One of the main tenets of his argument is that opposition parties were constrained by their own origins, thereby resulting in low appeal for voters to support them despite widespread dissatisfaction with the PRI (Greene 2007:175). As Greene explains (ibid: 175), the main yet subtle effect of single party dominance on partisan competition is the resulting rigidity in the challenger party organization that are slow to innovate in the face of new opportunities. The idea that challengers may fail due to the weight of the past rather than the more blatant aspects of dominant party power is one example of political stasis at work through the reproduction mechanism of institutional feedback. The political arrangements of institutional legacy promote and empower the dominant party while marginalizing opposition parties in a manner that, in this case, results in institutional stasis and continuing PRI dominance. The continuing dominance and institutional stasis of the PRI along with the political socialization of early elite political actors of opposition parties have both contributed to the slow process of democratization in Mexico. Extreme and differing preferences of early elite actors created an extreme foundation of opposition institutions, resulting in both the PAN and PRD’s emergence as niche parties and ultimately their failure to unify around the goal of defeating the PRI with centrist strategies. According to Greene, â€Å"the sequencing of party affiliation created a perverse outcome: early joining party elites created niche parties in their own image that were constrained to the core. (Ibid: 178) Thus, the status of democratization in Mexico at the time of this article’s publication suggests a disconnect between extreme elitist opposition party actors and a body of voters who are presumably unified through centrist preferences. Although Greene’s analysis is founded on country-specific evidence particular to this case, the lesson of PAN’s ability to move beyond its traditional core constituency and overcome its own intra-party rigidities and in some ways can be applied to t he Worker’s Party (PT) success in 2002. Like PAN, PT began as a highly ideological party and resisted the adoption of vote-maximizing measures for a significant amount of time. As Hunter explains (2007: 444), PT leaders were able to revise ideological rigidity â€Å"in light of major changes in the economic landscape and growing institutional strength of the state and party system. † The reassessing of their electoral standing, the PT became more electoral and behaved more like a catchall Brazilian party. The case of strategic adaptation and path dependence in Brazil was exemplified by Lula’s strategy of â€Å"layering,† gradually negotiating innovation â€Å"by placing new elements on top of established ones. Although this strategy bore little immediacy to the party’s electoral prospects, subsequent and focused efforts of engagement in public opinion and marketing Lula’s personal appeal constituted more concerted efforts toward electoral maximization. Question 9: What light does the piece by W. Hunter shed on the relative weight of rational choice vs. istorical institutionalism? Should we choose between them in analyzing a single phenomenon? Does it get too â€Å"wishy washy† to say that both rational choice and historical institutionalism are reflected in the evolution of the Workers’ Party? Both paradigms of rational choice institutionalism (RCI) and HI are important because of their ability to demonstrate a variety political outcomes and also because neither paradigm can individually provide comprehensive explanatory analysis for political change. With the example of the PT’s dynamic trajectory from 1989-2002, Hunter illuminates how political change happens on different layers. Hunter first presents the usefulness of the HI perspective in the nascent stage of the PT, noting the importance of the founding moment of an institution and further explaining founders’ proclivity to â€Å"long-term organization building rather than short-term vote maximization† (2007: 446). Weyland (2002:70) advocates HI framework in explaining institutional origin by critiquing RCI’s inability to explain institutional origin because â€Å"it conceptualizes institutions merely as rules of the game, not as actors in their own right. † Hunter also indicates HI’s overcompensation for continuity instead of change, thus revealing HI’s limitation of strategic flexibility in political parties like the PT during its first years of inception. Later, in explaining layers of political change still oriented within the framework of HI, Hunter traces the economic and political constraints imposed upon members of the PT, and ultimately explains within the framework of RCI ho change happened quickly in order for the PT to implement exogenous mobilization and electoral maximization strategies. Thus, the case study of the PT presents a substantive example of how RCI is useful at explaining quicker and short-term change whereas HI is better at explaining how change happens in slower and long-term layers. We should not necessarily choose between the two frameworks in analyzing a single phenomenon because there is an inherent value in diversity. As Weyland argues (2002:79), there is a need for â€Å"theoretical pluralism and ‘paradigmatic’ diversity† and â€Å"different frameworks make necessary and irreducible contributions to political analysis. † Political outcomes and political change across multitudinous contexts and applications could benefit from diverse approaches given the very complex reality of the behaviors of institutions. This complexity, as Weyland argues, â€Å"cannot be understood from one theoretical vantage point alone (Ibid: 79). †

Memorable Moment Essay

Growing up I’ve had many memorable and important experiences. A lot of these situations have led me to become a better person. I can say that I have had my share of bad experiences as well, but all have led up  to making me the person I am today. One experience that sticks out among them all is one a little over nine years ago. when I learned a valuable lesson. The most memorable childhood experience I have recalled is when I was nine years old. I grew up with my mom, dad, two sisters and a brother. Being the oldest, I always played as a babysitter for my parents .  One day my parents were getting ready to take my brother and baby sister to the doctor. They went through their precautionary measures before they left like ; locking all the doors, windows, leaving their numbers on the fridge, and so on. before walking out the door my dad told me to do my homework and watch my sister. As they left I decided to disregard everything said and not do my homework or even keep an eye on my sister. I started playing Playstation, I got the new Ratchet and Clank game a week earlier and didn’t want to waste any time in beating it. As the day progressed and I was getting further in the game, I started thinking about when my parents were going to get home. So I paused the game for a little to call them. Getting a hold of them was pretty hard considering my parents never answer their phones, but I eventually got through to my mom. During our conversation my mom asked if I did my homework, tensing up and scared to say no, I replied yes, then she asked about my sister. I had no clue where she could be but I again I replied with a hesitant,† y-y-yes mom she’s in her room sleeping†. Already at lie number two, I swiftly rushed to my sisters room. Slamming the door open in urgency, I quickly scanned the room for any sign of my sister. nowhere to be found, I yelled out â€Å"CELINE! † multiple times. Getting no response, I ran down stairs hastily in search for my sister, thinking about the worst possibilities. Coming to a conclusion she’s not in the house, I hurried to the backward. seeing no sign of her I decided to get my shoes on and go outside. ith still no clue to where she could be, I started knocking on the doors of my neighbors and asking in desperation. ironically my aunt lived a couple houses down, and when I asked her she got a little worried, and replied â€Å"no, why?! Is everything alright?! â€Å". I answered with a simple â€Å"yeah khalte, every thing is good. My mom said she was going to bring Celine over to play with Zeinab and I was wondering if she was still here. â€Å". Lie number three. My aunt being her usual self called my mom as soon as I left, to see what was really going on. Heading back home a while later I saw three missed calls from my mom and I didn’t know what to do, what to say that would get me out of this day trouble less. I called my mom back, wasting no time she started questioning me and asking about my sister. I told her everything was fine and it was just a misunderstanding, lie number four. she bought it, but said they are leaving the doctors. running around frantically I didn’t know where to look and what to say to make this all end. making another round through the house, I noticed my parents just pulling up. y dad walked in first calling my name. I threw in the towel, with nowhere to turn and no one to blame but myself, I went to my dad crying. Taking none of it, he asked â€Å"where is Celine? â€Å", not being to answer with a definite answer I told him, â€Å"I don’t know where she could be baba, I looked everywhere†. Yelling at me for being so irresponsible we both started looking for while my brother, s ister(Adina), and mom were just walking in. my dad went straight to the second floor, looking through room after room, closest after closest, with no luck. On our way down the stairs we saw my baby sister in my mom’s hands sleeping. Awed in belief, I asked my mom where she found Celine? She answered with a calm, â€Å"under the kitchen table†. My dad asked, why I seemed so worried, if I was supposed to have everything under control. Explaining to him, I lied to mom and that I’m really sorry. He then asked if I finished my homework, seeing what the lies did to me before, I answered with an honest, â€Å"No Baba†. He then told me, â€Å"yallah baba, finish it so I can take everyone out to get some ice cream†. This has become a life lesson and an important milestone in my childhood. Up until this point I would lie unconsciously to get my parents, teachers, friends off my back. Thanks to this experience I stopped all the unnecessary lieing. Realizing that first lie I told my mom was putting my sister in jeopardy and not my self. If something had happened to her I would never be able to live that down. that’s why I have tried to implement a strict â€Å"No lying† policy in my life. This is only one of the many memorable experience I have had from my childhood. All making me the man I am today.

Social Stratification

Question: What are the causes of social stratification in the Caribbean? Throughout our lives, there must have been some form of categorization whether your complexion or financial status. Even in today’s society, people are judged and put into groups based on their race or even sometimes religion. This is known as Social Stratification. This however could not be possible without a diversed Caribbean that is present today. Cultural Diversity then speaks about the different ethnic traditions such as custom, race and language that are found in the society. Take for example Jamaica that has a motto â€Å"Out of Many One People†. This can be seen as a perfect example as many different races or ethnic groups reside in Jamaica and widely the Caribbean. As a result, a means of Social Stratification takes place in the society. Mohammad (2007) states that it is a ranking system which organizes or places persons in the society in a hierarchy. In addition, it can be classified as a characteristic of society as it appears to be present in most of our Caribbean islands. Although this is viewed as a form of inequality, the system was derived from events that took place some years ago. The main causes of social stratification are the Plantation System, Emancipation and Social Mobility. Historically, this system started on the fields of the sugar plantation. The persons who toiled in the hot sun in the fields were known as slaves and were viewed as the â€Å"lesser people†. Their masters however were the opposite as they had all the power and wealth so they were seen as more highly and respectable individuals. A distinction between them had begun as the gap between them had gotten bigger due to the mobility of the masters. A hierarchy was built and the slaves could be seen at the bottom due to the bias judgment of the pigment of their skin. During this period of history according to Greenwood (2003), a middle class was also developed owning to the fact that not all persons were classified as slaves or whites. Therefore a middle class was now a part of the hierarchy and they were called the mulattos. These sets of people were still judged on the colour of their skin and the materialistic things that they owned. This brought much segregation and division among them because of the differing cultures and the whites believing that they were better than others around them. Emancipation which took place years after the Plantation System with the slaves also helped with Social stratification that most Caribbean islands are experiencing now. Emancipation is the period in history when many of the African slaves got freed. Despite the fact that freeing the slaves was indeed an advantage to them, it brought a negative effect. With freedom came the advantage of schooling and getting educated, however not many persons were able to go forward with it. There was a division among the Blacks or the ex-slaves as only the better ones were able to get the chance to be taught. When this took place, many of the ex-slaves felt that they were lesser than even their own race or group and so there was categorizing present as even the whites were then divided into two groups, the Petite and the Blancs. This caused much hatred among them as social status made them feel as though they were superior to others. With the use of the hierarchy, there must have been some movement of persons whether up or down the ranking of the social ladder. This is known as social mobility; which even in today’s society it is taking place. It is even taking place as we speak. Mohammed (2007) states â€Å"Education is the primary means of accessing social mobility throughout the region† (p. 65). It is through education that most of the Caribbean leaders rise to such high authority or positions. Even in today’s society, it is the persons who are wealthy and are of light complexion that gets recognition for jobs and positions. Everyone else who falls below that, is classified as poor and is in the lower class on the hierarchy. Weber argues that social class is primarily based on power, prestige or status. In conclusion it can be said that social stratification all started from the days of slavery and even nowadays persons are still being ranked on race, colour, sex, religion and finance. References Greenwood, R. , Hamber, S. (1980). Arawaks to Africans. Macmillan Publishers Limited Mohammed, J (2007). Caribbean Studies for Cape Examinations. Macmillan Publishers Limited http://wps. prenhall. com/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_5/23/6031/1544046. cw/index. html http://www. youthlinkjamaica. com/cxc/sociology20030916. html http://stmarys. ca/~evanderveen/wvdv/class_relations/social_stratification. htm

Nop Application Form

Lahore University of Management Science Application form for National Outreach Programme Batch 2013 Who can apply? 1 Photograph Paste here with glue Applicants should have atleast 80% MARKS IN MATRICULATION in order to apply for the NOP. Moreover, NOP is a NEED BASED SCHOLARSHIP. Only genuinely financially deserving students will be considered for the Programme. Instructions for the submission of application form: Please follow these instructions carefully: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fill the form in BLOCK LETTERS.Fill in the form using a black pen. Write your name and date of birth at the back of each photograph. Fill the form completely; INCOMPLETE forms will not be processed. Submit all the required supporting documents (Listed below) with your application form. Applications WITHOUT COMPLETE DOCUMENTS will not be processed. No further reminder will be sent. †¢ †¢ Application Form along with all the required supporting documents should reach LUMS Admissions O ffice latest by April 19, 2013.Selection decisions will be mailed in June – July 2013. CHECKLIST OF THE REQUIRED ACADEMIC DOCUMENTS: Please mail all the required supporting documents (mentioned below) along with the application form in a single envelope to the mailing address given below in the box: †¢ †¢ †¢ Three attested latest passport size photographs; Attested copy of Matriculation/O level result card (Attestation should be from your School); Attested copy of National Identity Card (NIC) of your parents/guardian;Page 1 of 9 CHECKLIST OF THE REQUIRED FINANCIAL AID DOCUMENTS: For each of the items in the check list below, please ensure that you either provide the relevant document(s) or if this is not possible specify a logical reason for not being able to do so. For example: If you don’t have any loan outstanding against your name, you can write: I certify that I don’t have any loan outstanding against my name. The LUMS Financial Aid Office ha s the right to accept or reject the explanation/reason. †¢ †¢ †¢Income certificates of all earning members of the family* – This includes latest salary slip for salaried persons (father/ mother/ brothers/ sisters), pension books for retired, income affidavit for self employed or businessman and a certificate/ proof in case of any other income. Bank Statements (for the last year) of all bank accounts in the names of all the family members and in the name of business in case of businessmen. Utility Bills (last three months) – Electricity, Gas, Phone, Water. Note: * An income certificate is the document that shows monthly/annual income.If your parents/guardian are salaried, an original copy of a pay slip should be attached, otherwise if your parents/guardian own a business they should submit Bank Statement for the last one year. If parents/ guardian do not fall in either of the above two cases (that is salaried employee or business man) they should submit a n undertaking on a stamp paper/affidavit (of Rs. 20) stating their income and with relevant details. Important Notes: †¢ †¢ In case of providing false information, candidate will be disqualified and his / her application will not be considered.If required, you will be requested to provide more financial documents/ information to carry the process further. Mailing address is given below: Syed Absar Ul Hassan Office of Admissions Lahore University of Management Sciences Sector U, DHA, Lahore Cantt. 54792 2 Photographs Staple here Page 2 of 9 Personal Information Name: Father’s Name: Guardian’s Name: Date of Birth (of student): ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy Father’s / Guardian’s NIC #: (Provide a copy of NIC) Mailing Address: (All future correspondence will be made on this address) CITY: Phone #: / (City code) DISTRICT: Mobile #: PROVINCE:Permanent Address: ( If different from the mailing address) CITY: Phone #: / (City code) DISTRICT: PROVINCE : Email*: * It is mandatory for you to have a valid email address as well otherwise your form can be considered INCOMPLETE. Do you have internet access at home or near your house? YES NO Page 3 of 9 Secondary School Information Total Marks/ Grades Matric / O-level Name of School / College Name of Examination Board Did you have a position in Board Exam? If yes; which one? YES NO Obtained Marks/Grades 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 Post Secondary School/Intermediate level Degree InformationHave you completed your intermediate level degree? YES NO Total Marks/ Grades Intermediate / A-level 1st year Intermediate / A-level 2nd year General Science Roll No: Obtained Marks/Grades Stream Name: Pre-Medical Pre-Engineering Arts/Commerce Other Name of Examination Board Did you have a position in Board Exam? YES NO If yes; which one? Any other achievement: 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 8 – 9 – 10 Give details of teacher / headmaster / principal of your institution who knows you personally. Name: School: Tel:________/_____________ (city code) Address:__________________________________________Email address: Page 4 of 9 Give details about yourself and your siblings*: *Siblings are brothers and sisters Full Name Age (in years) School / College / University (If still studying) Annual Fee (in Rs) Parents Scholarships Contribution (in Rs) (in Rs) Assets Title i. House ii. Land / Plot iii. Agriculture iv. Commercial Any other information Asset Ownership** Current Value ( in Pakistani Rupees) Area (in Kanals/Marlas or Sq. Feet) Location **In this column provide information about who owns the specific asset. It can be your father, mother, brother or grandfather etc.Income Source Profession i. Agricultural income (Annual) ii. Salary / Pension (Annual) iii. Returns on Saving & Investment (Annual) iv. Rental Income(Annual) v. Business Income (Annual) vi. Income from any other source Total (i, ii, iii, iv,v & vi) A: Total Income: (A+B+C) Father’s Mother’s Guardian’s / Brother’s & Sister’s B: C: Page 5 of 9 How many air-conditioners do you have in your house? Type of Vehicle 1 2 3 4 Make and Model Owned by Annual Educational Expenses Annual Rent (If living in a rented house) Annual Taxes Annual Telephone Bills Are there any outstanding loans? ) ii) iii) Yes No Annual Medical Expenses Transportation/Food/Traveling Expenses/Other Expenses (per Annum) Annual Electricity Bills Annual Water/Gas Bills If yes then: Please indicate the amount of loan in Rs. ________________________. And also please specify the purpose for taking the loan ___________________ The source from where loan was taken Bank * Relative Employer* Other (Please Specify): * Please attach the supporting documents in case the loan is taken from a Bank or Employer. Any other expense: ? Tuition Fee for the first year at LUMS is Rs. 5,00,000/ - approximately ?Please Indicate the total amount of contribution you can make towards your tuition fee annually at LUMS Rs: ________________ Page 6 of 9 Why do you require financial aid (Attach separate sheet if required)? How did you get to know about National Outreach Program? (Tick any one of the following) Friends/Relatives Newspaper Add LUMS website Information Session at School/College Kindly mention the School/College Name where you attended the session:_________________________________________ Other(Please Specify): ___________________________ Undertaking: I certify that the information given on this form is accurate to the best of my knowledge.I understand that any misrepresentation may cause my dismissal from the Programme at any stage. ________________________ Applicant’s Signatures Date: ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy ________________________ Father/Guardian’s Signature Date: ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy For enquiries regarding your application for m contact us at: Phone: 042-35608000; Ext: 2433 Fax: 042-35898317, Email: [email  protected] edu. pk Page 7 of 9 Essay Topic: Describe a situation or an experience of your life which demonstrates your best characteristic or quality (200 words): You can express your ideas in English or Urdu. Page 8 of 9 Page 9 of 9

Teaching English to Young Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Teaching English to Young Learners - Essay Example Therefore, the main attention of the paper is focused on a combination of playful methods, involvement of music and games in the process of language acquiring. Part I Literature Review Before starting up a discussion about how to teach English as a second language to young learners, it is relevant to observe classic theoretical works in this field. Teaching English to young learners as a second language is considered in the works of classical theoretic writers, such as Stern and Weinrib (1977), Dunn (1983, 1985), Halliwell (1993) and Drucker (2003). Their theories were based with regard to the evolution of children at pre-school age, correlation between their physical and intellectual abilities etc. Moreover, children’s abilities to narrate and cognize were also taken into account. With respect to children’s abilities, different activities, games etc were chosen by theoreticians as the basis for development of the most appropriate learning program for young learners. Th e most common practice for teachers is the usage of a form of a game during the lesson. This approach is relevant to children who are already able to solve brain teasers or riddles. In this case an indirect learning occurs. A child does not have to learn some new words or sentences; he is just trying to solve a riddle or a puzzle (Arnold, 1999). Therefore, a role of indirect learning is as well important as a role of direct learning, because â€Å"whether one is used more than the other depends on a combination of intellectual development, temper and circumstances. Direct and conscious learning seems to encourage an elaborated accuracy of the language, while acquisition stimulates a spontaneous and more fluent use† (Arnold, 1999). The ideal variant of English language learning is when both accuracy and fluency is reached. Unfortunately, child’s abilities to lean grammar consciously are underdeveloped. From the one perspective, children have in-born skills to acquire la nguage. Thus, this fact should be properly used by a teacher in order to develop a relevant methodology enabling children to use their language knowledge not only during the lessons, but also outside the class. Consequently, game is a perfect opportunity and the right way to a proper learning. In accordance with Halliwell (1993): â€Å"games should not be disregarded as a waste of time. They also shouldn’t be considered as something that can be introduced as a time filler at the end of class or as a prize for doing  «real » work; they are real work. Games make up a central part of the process of language acquisition, which is wonderful because children have such a strong sense of fun and games† (Halliwell 1993, p. 6). Consequently, we can surely conclude that during games children reveal their creative potential, stimulate their imagination and fantasy. For example, the main role imagination plays in the L2 class. Moreover, Halliwell (1993) underlines that fantasy involvement benefits to real usage of language. In a playful manner children can make an attempt to describe to each other a certain monster and they will try to use different words to reflect their fantasy verbally. In the contemporary studies on English teaching to young learners there are three main types of contents: these are conceptual, attitudinal, and procedural (Lessow-Hurley, 2003). In the

Decline of the Qing dynasty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Decline of the Qing dynasty - Essay Example First theory is concerned with China ¡Ã‚ ¦s internal problems, including corruption, poverty and abuse of powers of the ruling class.† (34) But another sect of the historians argues that even though the Qing Dynasty was wearing out due to the heavy internal troubles, the western influences were at the center of these internal adversaries. Indeed the western influences were not the military interferences and threats to the dynasty in its concrete sense. Rather the western industrial revolution, rapid urbanization, growing individualism and the rapid changes and reorganizations of the socio-economic fields, as again Stanley says, â€Å"The theory supported by the Western World is that imperialism and introduction of western ideas in China ultimately caused the disintegration of Qing† (). Fairly in the early twentieth century Chinn’s socioeconomic and political cultures began to be influenced by the European Industrial Revolution. The pro-western influence school o f historians purports that even if there were no internal conflicts, the Qing Dynasty would have to respond to the demand of the age. But though the Dynasty took initiative to adapt itself with the new trend of the age by the â€Å"Hundred Days’ Reform† and â€Å"Late Qing Reform† in the late 19th Century and early 20th century, it was too late to recover from the loss of Opium War. The pro-western influence school of historians purports that even if there were no internal conflicts.

Class,but not race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Class,but not race - Essay Example story of hardship, slavery, and Jim Crow laws within the South, legislators within the United States government sought to implement what came to be known as â€Å"Affirmative Action†. Effectively, this particular approach was one that sought to consider race as a determining factor and necessary requirements for organizations and firms, as well as educational institutions, when selecting an individual for a job position or in other organizational settings. Although this federally and legislatively mandated program has created a great deal of fairness within the system, many detractors point to the fact that it is inherently unfair due to the fact that it still continues to perpetuate a system in which an individual’s overall worth is predicated upon racial characteristics. Furthermore, individuals that are specifically against affirmative action have pointed to the fact that at its core, it is not much different than the racial interpretations of an individual’s worth that were perpetrated during the Jim Crow era of the Deep South; albeit somewhat in reverse. One of the authors that specifically finds the issue with affirmative action is Richard Kahlenberg. Kahlenberg’s viewpoint is that the practice of Affirmative Action has in fact been more unfair than it has been fair. The rationale behind this seemingly extreme statement is predicated upon the fact that affirmative action only considers racial characteristics with respect to making determinations within the public sphere. However, according to Kahlenberg, a more root cause of disparity that exists between blacks and whites is not predicated upon skin color alone; rather, Kahlenberg argues that it is predicated upon class. Said Kahlenberg, â€Å"Race-based affirmative action tells the most disadvantaged whites that you have very little in common with African Americans, because you have white skin privilege†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If the goal is to unite people of all races, this policy is a disaster† (Judis 1).

The socio-cultural context of two works of architecture from different Essay

The socio-cultural context of two works of architecture from different periods - Essay Example Castles were primarily created to accommodate royalty and dignitaries. Palaces symbolized elaborate and extravagant living, excluding any form of warfare. 1 In the structure, castles have features common to most other castles. Keeps, moats, arrow slits and gatehouses are all common in castle architecture. The features were designed to aid fighters in case of enemy troops surround the castle. A palace incorporates architectural specifications that add to the beauty of the home. Palaces are made to the taste of the owner who lives within it. There are no structural commonalities between palaces. What exists in palaces are design techniques incorporated to make the home more appealing and beautiful to the owner and the community.2 Castles are built out of various materials. All castles have thick walls made of bricks or stones. In the early times, castles were built of timber logs. Castles were constructed in areas where the chief or king could have the influence over people. This was done to enable them have control over resources.3 Palaces had more elaborate materials than castles. Palaces comprised of marbles for the floor and walls, gold as trimming and tiles for decoration. Palaces since the early years represent expressions of financial wealth. This is further characterized by building them in areas of natural beauty or in city centers where people can see them. To date, some palaces and castles are resided by their original owners, members of their family, king, queen, or a government leader. Castles and palaces that are not in use are used for social activities like museums and hotels. Palaces and museums are historical points of

Application of ERP within a particular sector or type of organisation Essay

Application of ERP within a particular sector or type of organisation - Essay Example It goes a long into maintaining the businesses production and competitive edge while most businesses are struggling to produce. In this paper, various case studies on the applications of ERP will be discussed. It is proposed that more should be considered in the implementation process; careful transition management, bureaucracy, network organization and most importantly culture readiness. Management should prepare the employees so that the transition is smooth and successful. Data collected was secondary. Lessons on how ERP helped curb organizational problems is discussed and explained in depth. Recommendations and possible solutions are provided too (Al-Mudimigh 2001). ERP systems usually organize a company’s resource accordingly in order to render them profitable, efficient and productive. This study focuses on the stages that should be applied in instilling the appropriate strategies in most organizations for the purpose of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning. In organizations where this strategy is embraced, enormous and distinguished performance is perceived. If this is the case, it denotes that inevitable and dramatic failures have being too vivid due to the strongholds resistances for the change. It is a common issue when making any implementation of the operation of a company or any organization, resistance happens to be a barrier from the working mate amongst other barriers. These impediments may at-most end up sabotaging the change that was intended and counteract innovation and creativity. Employee’s environment plays a critical role in gauging the level of productivity for any firm it being profit oriented or non-pro fit oriented. This study cultivates on the challenges encountered with implementation of ERP and the prospective approaches for dealing with them (Strauss 2000). Service companies as well are in demand of the use of ERP services in their day to day operations (Davenport

Introduction and conclusion section for report Essay

Introduction and conclusion section for report - Essay Example Simple to launch its products successfully in the South African market. The primary goal or objectives of the company are to increase its revenue generation through opening up of different retail garment stores in various feasible locations of South Africa. Various market entry modes that can be employed in case of entering the South African market and how it can be beneficial for the company have been discussed in this study. Identification of the target market in South Africa is also important and has been included in this study. The marketing mix strategy involving the appropriate products, places, prices and promotional strategies to be employed by the company has also been discussed in this study. The primary competitors of Mr. Simple Company have also been identified and the corresponding competitor analysis has been performed in this study. Mr. Simple Company has been successfully running its business in Australia, New Zealand and Vietnam. Its decision to expand its business in the South African market does not promise to be a good prospect for the company to help it increase its international presence and enhance its profitability in a significant manner. The primary objectives of the company are to increase brand awareness amongst the South Africans, increase its revenue and open up three retail garment stores in different parts of South Africa. The target customers have been identified to be males in the age group of 15 to 35 years. Fashionable and casual garment products would be offered to the targeted customers in South Africa. The market trend analysis performed in this study indicates that the youths in South Africa are attracted towards various clothing brands and with proper brand awareness the company can be successful in increasing its brand loyalty amongst the youth generation of the country. Various strat egies that are needed

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative and Qualitative - Research Paper Example The articles contained in the chapter by Mertler & Charles (2011) major on identifying substance abuse issues in high schools. The author of the article does not take account of the purpose of the research; rather the author goes ahead and writes on what the survey depicts. The purpose of a research is vital since it acts as an eye opener to the readers on what the survey research focuses on, and thus the reader can follow through easily. Organization In the article on maternity deaths, the organization of ideas is clear; the author gives the heading, clearly outlines the purpose of the study and then writes an abstract followed by the body which gets segmented into various subtopics. The body has the various methods of data collection, the results and analysis of the results. Mertler & Charles (2011) then stipulates the problems experienced during the research study and gives a brief conclusion. The author in the provided article on drug use by high school organizes the research wor k systematically. Though the researcher does not give the purpose, there is a clear introductory statement. Organization of any survey research is vital since it helps readers to capture every detail included in the reading. Data collection and analysis Considering research on the drug use by high school students, the data is outlined in terms of the percentage levels. The author, for example, states that 35.4 percent of students in 10th grade used drugs while the students who used drugs in 12th grade constitute of 48.6 of the student population. This is seen in the research on maternity deaths, and it helps when coming up with the discussion to act as evidence that the information is authentic (Mertler & Charles, 2011). Conclusions The authors have different ways of concluding their research. The author in the American Journal gives a brief discussion of the research and declares the research relevant while the author in the chapter reading concludes by giving future guidelines on alienating the vice. Both conclusions are vital to ensure that all information is included and renders the research relevant. According to Mertler & Charles (2011), correlational research involves observations by a researcher regarding to a previous situation and in this research there is no intervention from the researcher. In other types of research, researchers manipulate the current situation and check the results of the preliminary manipulations. When dealing with intended results, correlation research identifies the association between two factors or more than two factors while other types of research concentrate on the learning of how changes in a factor affect another factor. Other types of research focus on exclusive types such as experiments for experimental research while Correlational research deals with case studies, survey research, naturalistic observations and archival research. In experimental research, as well as quasi-experimental research, the researchers need to perform actual experiments so as to get exact results regarding the experiment. This implies that the experiment conducted especially in research laboratories forms the basis for the data sources. Though data from previous research may be useful, many researchers who want accurate and authentic results prefer to carry out their own experiments but also use the previous results as reference points for their experiments. Actual